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Research on Aging
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A Cluster Analysis Typology of Religiousness/Spirituality Among Older Adults

David L. Klemmack

University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

Lucinda Lee Roff

University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

Michael W. Parker

University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

Harold G. Koenig

Duke University Medical Center, VA Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center

Patricia Sawyer

University of Alabama, Birmingham

Richard M. Allman

Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric and Educational Clinical Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham

This study used cluster analysis to identify sets of individuals similar to one another across multiple measures of religiousness and then ascertained if these groups differed by sociodemographic characteristics, health risk behaviors, physical health and functional status, and mental health. The authors identified six clusters using data from 1,000 community-dwelling older adults in a k-means cluster analysis of a modified version of the Duke University Religion Index. Participants in the strongly religious, moderately religious, and minimally religious clusters had the highest scores on the health, functional status, and mental health variables. The privately practicing moderate attender and the privately practicing nonattender groups were similar to each other and generally had poorer health, functional status, and mental health. The typology illustrates the importance of simultaneously considering multiple measures of religiousness and the complexity of the relationships among religiousness, sociodemographic characteristics, and health and well-being.

Key Words: religiousness • cluster analysis • typology • well-being

Research on Aging, Vol. 29, No. 2, 163-183 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0164027506296757
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 GerontologistHome page
R. S. Allen, L. L. Phillips, L. L. Roff, R. Cavanaugh, and L. Day
Religiousness/Spirituality and Mental Health Among Older Male Inmates
Gerontologist, October 1, 2008; 48(5): 692 - 697.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]